[KoreaCase] Sampoong Department Store Collapse
The collapse of the Sampoong Department Store was an accident that occurred at 5:57 PM on June 29, 1995, in Seocho-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul. The building collapsed, injuring or killing 1,445 employees and customers. Debris, rubble, and dust scattered into the nearby Sampoong Apartments, Seoul High Court, and Umyeon-ro, injuring pedestrians in the vicinity. This disaster caused significant financial damage and loss of life. Immediately after the collapse, rescue operations involving the 119 Rescue Team, police, Seoul Metropolitan Government, the military, and the national government were initiated, followed by nationwide relief efforts and post-accident handling.
There were 502 deaths, 937 injuries, and 6 missing persons. The estimated damage was about 270 billion KRW. Among the survivors, Choi Myung-seok, Yoo Ji-hwan, and Park Seung-hyun were rescued after being trapped for 11, 13, and 17 days, respectively. The site of the Sampoong Department Store was redeveloped into the mixed-use apartment complex "Acro Vista" and Hanul Building, which began construction in 2001 and completed in 2004.
Causes of Collapse
Land Use
While the land's use was not directly related to the collapse, the corruption during the construction process significantly contributed to the disaster. After the completion of the Sampoong Apartments in 1989, Sampoong Construction began plans to build a commercial complex on the remaining land, but the plans were illegal. The land was designated for apartment construction, not for a department store. Sampoong Group bribed officials at the Seocho District Office to illegally change the land's use.
Internal Structural Changes
Originally designed as a mixed-use complex called "Sampoong Land" in 1987, the building was later requested by Sampoong Construction’s chairman Lee Jun to be changed into a department store. This led to significant structural changes in the building. Despite concerns raised by Woosung Construction, Lee Jun terminated the contract and proceeded with the alterations. Legal regulations required that any changes to a building’s use must undergo structural expert review, but these were ignored during both the design and construction phases. The store opened without undergoing proper inspection.
Substandard Construction
The Sampoong Department Store was initially designed using the "no-beam" construction method. However, as the use of the building changed, structural issues arose. In order to expand the shopping area, walls were removed, leaving only columns to bear the load. This change concentrated the load on the columns. Additionally, holes were drilled in the floors for escalators, further increasing the weight on the columns. Some columns were even cut, further weakening the structure. These changes ultimately led to the collapse.
Overbuilding
The department store was originally designed with four floors, but was illegally expanded to five. The fifth floor, initially intended as a children's area, was later turned into a restaurant area, significantly increasing the load. The restaurant's heavy concrete and business materials contributed to the load increasing three to four times. On the fourth floor, columns were removed to extend the shopping areas. These excessive alterations were major contributing factors to the collapse.
Cooling Tower Installation
A cooling tower was installed on the rooftop of the Sampoong Department Store, although it was originally intended to be placed in the basement. Due to lack of space in the basement, the cooling tower was moved to the roof, and its installation increased the load on the building. The operation of the cooling tower also caused vibrations, which contributed to the building's collapse.
Signs of Collapse
Several warning signs appeared before the collapse. From 1993 to 1995, cracks began to appear in the building, and by April 1995, cracks appeared on the ceiling of the fifth floor. By May, sand began to fall from these cracks, and the floor slowly started to sink. Up until the moment of the collapse on June 29, 1995, signs of subsidence were evident, and some customers began to evacuate as they sensed the danger.
The Collapse
The collapse was an anticipated event, but the management of the Sampoong Department Store ignored the signs and continued operations. Just before the collapse, vibrations and cracks were observed within the building, and at 5:57 PM, the collapse began. The weakest columns in the building failed first, triggering a chain reaction. Within 20 seconds, the entire building collapsed, trapping over 1,500 people under the rubble.